Literatur

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Ohne Anspruch auf Vollständigkeit (Der Begriff “Basketball” ergab bei einer Medline Recherche über1200 Treffer) will ich auf dieser Seite einige interessante medizinische Artikel zum Thema Basketball auflisten:

Campbell CY; Record JD; Kolandaivelu A; Ziegelstein RC: Chest pain in a young basketball player. Journal of general internal medicine : official journal of the Society for Research and Education in Primary Care Internal Medicine, Vol. 21 (6), p: C7-10, 2006

Beschreibung: A 32-year-old man was elbowed in the chest while fighting for a rebound in a recreational basketball game. He fell to the ground and his chest ached from the blow. Four days later he developed more severe chest pressure with dyspnea and came to the hospital. His chest wall was tender and his pulse slow, but the remainder of his physical examination was normal. Electrocardiogram showed sinus bradycardia, first-degree atrioventricular (AV) block, and occasional isorhythmic AV dissociation, but no ischemic ST-T changes. Cardiac troponin I rose to 1.74 ng/mL (normal <0.50). The patient therefore underwent coronary angiography, showing spiral dissection of the right coronary artery with extensive thrombus filling the distal portion of the vessel. Stenting was unsuccessful in restoring flow. This case highlights the potential dangers of blunt chest trauma in recreational sports and shows how angiography can distinguish myocardial contusion from coronary artery dissection.

Centre for Reviews and Dissemination: The prevention of ankle sprains in sports: a systematic review of the literature (Structured abstract). Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effectiveness (2006 Issue 4), p: DA992373, 2006

Beschreibung: Abstracts of quality assessed systematic reviews

Deitch JR; Starkey C; Walters SL; Moseley JB: Injury risk in professional basketball players: a comparison of Women's National Basketball Association and National Basketball Association athletes. The American journal of sports medicine, Vol. 34 (7), p: 1077-83, 2006

Beschreibung: Gender-based differences in injury rates have been reported in scholastic and collegiate basketball. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively compare injury rates in women's and men's professional basketball. HYPOTHESIS: Female professional basketball players are injured at a higher rate than are men. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort study (prevalence); Level of evidence, 2. METHODS: Women's National Basketball Association and National Basketball Association injury data were retrospectively reviewed for 6 full seasons. The frequency of all injuries and the rate of game-related injuries were calculated. RESULTS: Complete player profiles were obtained on 702 National Basketball Association athletes and 443 Women's National Basketball Association athletes who competed in their respective leagues during the data collection period. Total game exposures totaled 70,420 (National Basketball Association) and 22,980 (Women's National Basketball Association). Women's National Basketball Association athletes had a higher overall game-related injury rate (24.9 per 1000 athlete exposures; 95% confidence interval, 22.9-26.9; P < .05) when compared with National Basketball Association athletes (19.3 per 1000 athlete exposures; 95% confidence interval, 18.3-20.4) and sustained a higher rate of lower extremity injuries (14.6 per 1000 athlete exposures; 95% confidence interval, 13.1-16.2; P < .05) than seen in the National Basketball Association (11.6 per 1000 athlete exposures; 95% confidence interval, 10.8-12.4). The lower extremity was the most commonly injured body area (65%), and lateral ankle sprain (13.7%) was the most common diagnosis in both leagues. The incidence of game-related knee injury was higher in Women's National Basketball Association players. The incidence of anterior cruciate ligament injury in the National Basketball Association (n = 22, 0.8%) and Women's National Basketball Association (n = 14, 0.9%) accounted for 0.8% of the 4446 injuries reported. CONCLUSION: The lower extremity is the most frequently injured body area in both leagues, and Women's National Basketball Association athletes are more susceptible than are National Basketball Association athletes. There were, however, few statistical differences in the actual injuries occurring between the 2 leagues.

Driesen O: Internate: Freiheit, Fleiß und Basketball. Deutsches Ärzteblatt, Vol. 97 (4), p: A-188, 2000

Beschreibung: Die Pädagogin Maria Montessori wollte Kindern als selbstbestimmten und selbstständigen Menschen gerecht werden - mit ungewöhnlich viel Freizügigkeit. Schloss Hagerhof in Bad Honnef bei Bonn ist das einzige Internatsgymnasium Deutschlands, das sich ihrer Lehre verschrieben hat. Dabei kam heraus: Selbst große Freiräume werden kaum missbraucht. Ich frage nicht, ob wir das dürfen." - Dass ausgerechnet die Direktorin so reden muss! Doch wer mit Dr. Gudula Meisterjahn-Knebel durch die Klassenzimmer ihres Internatsgymnasiums Schloss Hagerhof geht, muss sich auf derartige kleine rhetorische Schocks gefasst machen. Und er gewinnt dennoch schnell den Eindruck, dass hier keine Revolutionärin aus Kindern Rebellen macht, sondern eine sehr besonnene, von ihrer Sache überzeugte Pädagogin ihren Schützlingen einfach sehr weitgehende Freiheiten - und Verantwortung - zutraut.

Erguen M; Taskiran E; Oezguerbuez C: Simultaneous bilateral tibial tubercle avulsion fracture in a basketball player. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, Vol. 11 (3), p: 163-166, 2003

Beschreibung: A 16-year-old male basketball player had sustained an injury upon landing after a forceful jump. Plain radiography demonstrated bilateral tibial tubercle avulsion fracture involving partially proximal physis. Open reduction and internal fixation were performed at once. Continuous passive motion was started immediately after operation, and the patient was ambulated with hinged knee extension braces. After 27 months follow-up his knees completely regained normal range of motion except a 3° extension loss in the left knee. He resumed all daily functional activities (Lysholm functional score of 99), but he slightly lost his level of activity (Tegner activity level from 7 to 6). No angular deformity at all on the frontal plane was determined upon radiological examination. Tibial slope angles were symmetrical and within the normal range. There were visible small bone fragments inside the left patellar tendon.

Girometti R; De Candia A; Sbuelz M; Toso F; Zuiani C; Bazzocchi M: Supraspinatus tendon US morphology in basketball players: correlation with main pathologic models of secondary impingement syndrome in young overhead athletes. La Radiologia medica, Vol. 111 (1), p: 42-52, 2006

Beschreibung: PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate supraspinatus tendon sonographic morphology in a population of young overhead athletes in correlation with main pathologic models of secondary shoulder impingement syndrome. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Between April and May 2004, 20 subjects (ten professional basketball players and ten non-athlete controls of the same age, weight and height ranges) underwent bilateral, standardised, sonographic sholulder examination to evaluate supraspinatus echotexture, supraspinatus and subacromial bursa thickness, subacromial space width (cutoff of 7 mm) and dynamic anterior impingement beneath the acromial margin. RESULTS: All subjects were right handed. No symptomatic controls were found. Four players showed signs and symptoms of right atraumatic shoulder instability (two cases) or supraspinatus impingement with anterior pain (one right and one left shoulder). Subacromial space width was reduced in five right-dominant players' shoulders (three symptomatic and two asymptomatic) versus zero controls (p<0.05) and in eight players' shoulders versus zero controls on total shoulders (p<0.05). No other significant differences were observed between the two groups in sonographic parameters considered. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the study limitations, ultrasonography (US) is able to detect subacromial space narrowing in young overhead athletes as early shoulder impingement sign, according to the continuum impingement-instability pathologic model.

Harmer PA: Basketball injuries. Medicine and sport science, Vol. 49, p: 31-61, 2005.

Beschreibung: To identify and quantify, to the best extent possible from the existing literature, injury characteristics and factors (risk; protective) associated with injury in young basketball players. Data Sources: Database searches principally involving Medline and SportDiscus. In addition, web-based searching and filtering of the reference lists of papers found in the preliminary searches were utilized. Main Results: Few well-controlled studies of this population have been conducted. However, from the information available: basketball is the most frequent cause of sports-related emergency department visits for youth and adolescents; the risk of being injured in a game is greater than for practice; girls are more likely to be injured than boys, especially with knee and ankle injuries and the knee injuries are more likely to be severe; acute injuries are more common than chronic; strains/sprains are the most common types of injuries but overall time loss is minimal, indicating that the majority of pediatric basketball injuries are minor (less than 7 days away from activity). Intervention studies show that: mouthguards reduce orofacial/dental injuries; mouthguard use can be increased in young players; neuromuscular training can reduce the incidence of knee injuries in female participants; postural sway is related to risk of ankle injury. Conclusions: The current state of epidemiological research involving youth and adolescent basketball injuries is poor. With an increasing number of young participants, in situations ranging from informal play and physical education classes to organized community and school teams, the need for comprehensive and authoritative information on risk and protective factors is significant.

Hsieh CH; Lin GT: Thumb amputation resulting from an attempted basketball slam-dunk. Clinical journal of sport medicine : official journal of the Canadian Academy of Sport Medicine, Vol. 16 (3), p: 274-5, 2006

Beschreibung: Case Report

Kaplan LD; Schurhoff MR; Selesnick H; Thorpe M; Uribe JW: Magnetic resonance imaging of the knee in asymptomatic professional basketball players. Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association, Vol. 21 (5), p: 557-61, 2005

Beschreibung: PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of articular cartilage lesions and meniscal tears on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans in the knees of asymptomatic male professional basketball players. TYPE OF STUDY: A retrospective review. METHODS: Twenty players (40 knees) met the inclusion criteria of being signed by a National Basketball Association team and passing their preseason physical examination. All included athletes were assessed for the presence of articular cartilage lesions, meniscal pathology, and the presence of effusions. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of articular cartilage lesions on MRI was 47.5% in our study group. There were trochlear groove articular lesions in 25%. The lateral femoral condyle was involved in 2.5% of all knees. The medial femoral condyle was affected in 10% of all knees. The lateral tibial plateau showed articular cartilage lesions in 5%. The patella had articular cartilage lesions in 35%. The overall prevalence of various grade meniscal lesions was 20% on MRI. Medial intra-meniscal signals accounted for 87.5% and 12.5% on the lateral side. CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study show an equal to or higher prevalence of meniscal lesions in male professional basketball players than previously reported in the literature. We found a large number of patella-femoral articular cartilage lesions in our study population of male professional basketball players. These athletes perform at the highest demand level, which indicates that the presence of these lesions did not cause any symptoms. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, case series.

Klassen PM, Heinz BC, Siebert CH: Erfahrungen mit dem Epstein-Barr-Virus im Leistungssport. Kann ein kleines Virus die Basketball Bundesliga lahm legen? Dt Z Sp Med 51, p: 26-29, 2000

Beschreibung: Zu Beginn der Saison '98/99 traten bei einer Basketball-Mannschaft im Trainingslager gehäuft Fälle von Pfeiffer'schem Drüsenfieber und reaktivierte EBV-Infektionen auf. Neben 5 Spielern, die laborchemisch eine EBV-Reaktivierung aufwiesen, entwickelten 2 von 12 Spielern das Vollbild einer infektiösen Mononukleose. Zur Diskussion wird gestellt, ob die Maximalbelastung im Rahmen der Saisonvorbereitung (2 Trainingseinheiten pro Tag) zu einer Erhöhung des Manifestationsindex innerhalb der Mannschaft geführt hat. Verhaltensmaßnahmen für die Betroffenen, sowie ein realistisches Krisenmanagement für den Verein werden dargestellt.

Laplaud D; Hug F; Menier R: Training-Induced Changes in Aerobic Aptitudes of Professional Basketball Players. Int J Sports Med, Vol. 25 (2), p: 103-108, 2004

Beschreibung: We investigated the effects of a training program on the aerobic aptitudes and the relevance of the instant of equality of pulmonary gas exchange (i. e., RER = 1.00) to assess these effects in professional basketball players. Eight athletes performed two incremental exercise tests on a cycloergometer separated by 4.7 ± 0.7 months. Physiological variables recorded during these two tests (heart rate, oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide output, respiratory exchange ratio, power output) allowed to determine the first and second ventilatory thresholds and the instant of equality of pulmonary gas exchange. The training program induced significant variations of resting heart rate, oxygen uptake and power output measured for the instant of equality of pulmonary gas exchange. Moreover, the used fractions of heart rate, oxygen uptake and power reserves for the instant of equality of pulmonary gas exchange and the second ventilatory threshold increase significantly. Inversely, maximal oxygen uptake, maximal power reached and the used fractions of reserves for the first ventilatory threshold do not differ significantly. Professional basketball training is not focused on drills aiming to enhance both the aerobic power and aptitude, our results suggest that this training program induce the same physiological changes as a typical aerobic training. We also demonstrated that the instant of equality of pulmonary gas exchange is a powerful tool to quantify the changes in aerobic aptitudes during a sport season.

Larson CM; Traina SM; Fischer DA; Arendt EA: Recurrent complete proximal tibial stress fracture in a basketball player. The American journal of sports medicine, Vol. 33 (12), p: 1914-7, 2005

Beschreibung: Case Report

Louw Q; Grimmer K; Vaughan C: Knee movement patterns of injured and uninjured adolescent basketball players when landing from a jump: a case-control study. BMC musculoskeletal disorders [electronic resource], Vol. 7, p: 22, 2006-12-19

Beschreibung: A common knee injury mechanism sustained during basketball is landing badly from a jump. Landing is a complex task and requires good coordination, dynamic muscle control and flexibility. For adolescents whose coordination and motor control has not fully matured, landing badly from a jump can present a significant risk for injury. There is currently limited biomechanical information regarding the lower limb kinetics of adolescents when jumping, specifically regarding jump kinematics comparing injured with uninjured adolescents. This study reports on an investigation of biomechanical differences in landing patterns of uninjured and injured adolescent basketball players. METHODS: A matched case-control study design was employed. Twenty-two basketball players aged 14-16 years participated in the study: eleven previously knee-injured and eleven uninjured players matched with cases for age, gender, weight, height and years of play, and playing for the same club. Six high-speed, three-dimensional Vicon 370 cameras (120 Hz), Vicon biomechanical software and SAS Version 8 software were employed to analyse landing patterns when subjects performed a "jump shot". Linear correlations determined functional relationships between the biomechanical performance of lower limb joints, and paired t-tests determined differences between the normalised peak biomechanical parameters. RESULTS: The average peak vertical ground reaction forces between the cases and controls were similar. The average peak ground reaction forces between the cases and controls were moderately correlated (r = -0.47). The control (uninjured) players had significantly greater hip and knee flexion angles and significantly greater eccentric activity on landing than the uninjured cases (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The findings of the study indicate that players with a history of knee injuries had biomechanically compromised landing techniques when compared with uninjured players matched for gender, age and club. Descriptions (norms) of expected levels of knee control, proprioceptive acuity and eccentric strength relative to landing from a jump, at different ages and physical developmental stages, would assist clinicians and coaches to identify players with inappropriate knee performance comparable to their age or developmental stage.

Malanga GA; Chimes GP: Rehabilitation of basketball injuries. Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinics of North America, Vol. 17 (3), p: 565-87, 2006.

Beschreibung: Basketball is one of the most popular sports in the United States and throughout the world, and therefore represents one of the most common sources of sports-related injuries. Basketball injuries should be managed by the same general rehabilitation principles as other sports injuries. Additionally, the clinician should be aware not only of general sports injuries but of those injuries most commonly seen in basketball players. By maintaining knowledge of the most common basketball injuries as well as their diagnosis and treatment, the clinician can help to optimize the athlete's return to play and enjoyment of the sport.

Masterson JJ; Davies LK; Masterson GL: Coach talk: linguistic demands inherent in youth sports. Language, speech, and hearing services in schools, Vol. 37 (1), p: 39-49, 2006

Beschreibung: PURPOSE: This investigation expands the notion of academic language to extracurricular activities and provides preliminary data regarding linguistic expectations that are place on students who are participating in youth sports. METHOD: Five coaches of young girls' basketball teams (2 competitive; 3 recreational) were observed during practice sessions divided into individual versus group and stationary versus active contexts. Communication was characterized with various measures of content, form, and use. RESULTS: Coaches rarely used pauses or communicative repetitions. Recreational coaches' utterances contained more mazes than competitive coaches' utterances. Utterances used during stationary activities tended to be longer and contain more than one verb compared to utterances used during active activities; sentence fragments were more frequent during active contexts. All coaches used jargon quite frequently. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: The system reported here can be used to document linguistic demands in other extracurricular activities, such as music programs and scouting. Speech-language pathologists might include clinical activities to help students deal successfully with the linguistic requirements that are inherent in sporting activities.

Moiler K; Hall T; Robinson K: The role of fibular tape in the prevention of ankle injury in basketball: A pilot study. The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy, Vol. 36 (9), p: 661-8, 2006

Beschreibung: STUDY DESIGN: Prospective nonrandomized controlled trial. OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of fibular repositioning tape (FRT) on incidence and severity of ankle injury. BACKGROUND: Pain and functional disability is common following ankle sprain and a major problem in sport. A novel method of taping, FRT, which has been described to prevent ankle sprain, requires less tape than traditional methods and is easier to apply. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of FRT on the incidence and severity of ankle injury in basketball. METHODS AND MEASURES: One hundred twenty-five male basketball players were assigned at time of play to either the control (209 exposures) or FRT (224 exposures) condition in a manner of convenience. Control participants had the choice on the use and type of prophylaxis, excluding FRT. FRT participants were taped using the method described by Mulligan. Ankle injury data were collected after each exposure. Injury severity was determined by functional limitation, pain levels, and days to return to play. RESULTS: Four hundred forty-three measured basketball exposures resulted in 11 ankle injuries. All injuries occurred in subjects with a history of previous ankle sprain. Significantly less ankle injuries were sustained by members of the FRT condition (n = 2), compared to members of the control condition (n = 9) (Fisher exact test, P = .03). The odds ratio of sustaining an ankle injury was 0.20 (P = .04; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.04, 0.93) when taped with FRT and the number needed to treat was 22 (95% CI, 12-312). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides preliminary data regarding the prophylactic effects of FRT on ankle injury in male basketball players.

Mourning A: Spreading the word: NBA star educates public about risk of kidney disease. Interview by Karen Haq. Nephrology news & issues, Vol. 20 (4), p: 60-1, 2006

Beschreibung: Interview

Mullen J; Howard T; O'Connor F: Neck injury in a basketball player. Current sports medicine reports, Vol. 5 (2), p: 65-6, 2006

Beschreibung: Case Report

Sallet P; Perrier D; Ferret JM; Vitelli V; Baverel G: Physiological differences in professional basketball players as a function of playing position and level of play. The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness, Vol. 45 (3), p: 291-4, 2005

Beschreibung: The aim of this investigation is to evaluate the physical and physiological characteristics of different first (ProA) and second division (ProB) professional basketball players, and to relate them to playing position and level of play. METHODS: A total of 58 players were divided into ProA and ProB groups and were assessed for physical characteristics, maximal treadmill test and a 30 s all-out test. The sample included 22 centers, 22 forwards and 14 guards. RESULTS: Centers were significantly taller and heavier (203.9+/-5.3 cm and 103.9+/-12.4 kg) than forwards (195.8+/-4.8 cm and 89.4+/-7.1 kg) and guards (185.7+/-6.9 and 82+/-8.8 kg) and also had higher body fat percentages than the other groups. Forwards were also significantly taller than guards. Centers presented a lower maximal aerobic velocity (kmxh-1) than guards (15.5+/-1.2 vs 16.8+/-1.5, P<0.05) on the maximal treadmill test and a lower maximal velocity (rpm) than forwards (156.5+/-18.4 vs 170.3+/-18.3, P<0.05) on the 30 s all-out test. VO2max (mlxmin-1xkg-1) was significantly lower for ProA (53.7+/-6.7) compared to ProB (56.5+/-7.7) players and the fatigue index on the 30 s all-out test was higher for the ProA group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Many physical differences, most notably size, exist between players as a function of their playing position. But these differences have no relationship to the level of play of professional players. General aerobic capacity is fairly homogeneous between playing position and level of play, even if there are observable VO2max differences due to inter-individual profiles. On the other hand, anaerobic capacity seems to be a better predictor of playing level even though it is not clear whether such capacity comes from specific training in ProA, or from an initial selection criteria.

Siebert C; Philipps B; Hagemann L.; Behra A; Kaufmann M: Basketball als Überkopfsportart - Verletzungsmuster im Bereich des Schultergürtels. Sport Orthop. Traumatol. 22, 212-217, 2006

Beschreibung: Trotz Der Spielanteile im Basketball, di e”Überkopf” stattfinden, sind Verletzungen des Schultergürtels erfreulich selten. Während die obere Extremität als Verletzungsort in der Literatur mit ca. 25% angegeben wird, stellt die Schulter unter 5% des Gedamtkollektivs dar. Autoren beschränken sich häufig auf Einzelfallbeschreibungen.

Schröder H {a b}; Terrados N {c d}; Tramullas A {e f g}: Risk assessment of the potential side effects of long-term creatine supplementation in team sport athletes. European Journal of Nutrition, Vol. 44 (4), p: 255-261, 2005

Beschreibung: Use of creatine has become widespread among sportsmen and women, although there are no conclusive evidences concerning possible health risks of long-term creatine supplementation. The aim of the study: To investigate long-term effects of creatine monohydrate supplementation on clinical parameters related to health. Methods: Eighteen professional basketball players of the first Spanish Basketball League participated in the present longitudinal study. The subjects were ingesting 5 g creatine monohydrate daily during three competition seasons. Blood was collected in the morning after an overnight fast, five times during each of the three official competition seasons of the first National Basketball League (September 1999-June 2000, September 2000-June 2001 and September 2001-June 2002) and the European League. Standard clinical examination was performed for 16 blood chemistries. Results: The plasma concentrations of all clinical parameters did not alter significantly during the analyzed time frames of creatine supplementation. All of these parameters were, with the exception of creatinine and creatine kinase, within their respective clinical ranges at all time points. Conclusion: Our data shows that low-dose supplementation with creatine monohydrate did not produce laboratory abnormalities for the majority of the parameters tested.

Simenz CJ; Dugan CA; Ebben WP: Strength and conditioning practices of National Basketball Association strength and conditioning coaches. Journal of strength and conditioning research / National Strength & Conditioning Association, Vol. 19 (3), p: 495-504, 2005

Beschreibung: This study describes the results of a survey of the practices of National Basketball Association strength and conditioning (NBA S&C) coaches. The response rate was 68.9% (20 of 29). This survey examines (a) background information, (b) physical testing, (c) flexibility development, (d) speed development, (e) plyometrics, (f) strength/power development, (g) unique aspects, and (h) comments from coaches providing additional information. Results indicate, in part, that coaches assess an average of 7.3 parameters of fitness, with body composition testing being the most common. All coaches used a variety of flexibility development strategies. Results reveal that 17 of 20 (85.0%) of NBA S&C coaches follow a periodization model. Nineteen of 20 coaches (95.0%) indicated that their athletes used Olympic-style lifts. All coaches employed plyometric exercises with their athletes. The squat and its variations, as well as the Olympic-style lifts and their variations, were the most frequently used exercises. The survey serves as a review and a source of applied information and new ideas.

Trojian TH; Collins S: The anterior cruciate ligament tear rate varies by race in professional Women's basketball. The American journal of sports medicine, Vol. 34 (6), p: 895-8, 2006

Beschreibung: Female basketball players are more likely to tear their anterior cruciate ligament than are their male counterparts. Many causes are postulated for the difference observed in the rate of anterior cruciate ligament tears between genders. However, little is known about the differences in tears within gender. HYPOTHESIS: The rate of anterior cruciate ligament tears is different in White European American female basketball players and non-White European American players. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort study (Prevalence); Level of evidence, 2. METHODS: The authors investigated the differences in anterior cruciate ligament tears by risk exposure in women of different racial or ethnic backgrounds playing in the Women's National Basketball Association for the 1999 through 2003 seasons. Using the injury surveillance data from the Women's National Basketball Association, the authors compared anterior cruciate ligament injuries in White European American and non-White European American players to determine differences in the rate of anterior cruciate ligament tears between racial groups. RESULTS: The anterior cruciate ligament tear rate for White European American players was 0.45 per 1000 athletic exposures, whereas for non-White European American players (black or African American, Hispanic, and Asian players) the rate was 0.07. The odds ratio of anterior cruciate ligament tears in White European American versus non-White European American players was 6.55 (95% confidence interval, 1.35-31.73). CONCLUSION: Our retrospective study shows that the anterior cruciate ligament tear rate for White European American players was 0.45 per 1000 athletic exposures, whereas tear rates in the Women's National Basketball Association vary by racial group, with White European American players having more than 6 times the anterior cruciate ligament tear rate of other ethnic groups combined. Further prospective studies of athletes are needed to validate this finding and shed light on possible reasons.